Wednesday, August 28, 2013
How to Save on Scuba Equipment
Buy, Don’t Rent: This may seem counter-intuitive, but when you’re looking at the big picture it’s a lot cheaper to buy dive gear than it is to rent. This becomes more apparent the longer you own your gear, which can be a very long time if you take care of it. It’s common to see divers using BCs, regs and fins more than 10 years old. The truth is, most divers buy new gear not because their old gear wears out, but because they just want to get some cool new stuff.
Pile Up Your Purchases: Do you homework, save your money, watch for sales, and then when the time is right, make your move. Roll three or four major purchases into one big buy. The higher the potential total price tag, the more incentive your dive store will have to negotiate, and the more room—margin-wise—they’ll have to maneuver in. Plus, in the face of a big sale they might be more likely to throw in some “freebies” to sweeten the deal.
Consider a One-Brand Package Deal: If you can find three or four big items that strike your fancy, all from the same manufacturer, and you buy them together, such a package often gives the dive store more room to deal. And sometimes the manufacturer will do it for you by marketing a total package—reg, octo, BC, dive computer—at a very attractive price. If you do the math and see you’re getting a good price, and if you like the gear in the package, press the dive store for his best deal and then jump on it.
Be on the Lookout For End of Season Specials: Just like in the automobile business, as the new year approaches retailers are looking to clear out their inventory for the new models. This is a prime opportunity to score some great deals on last year’s gear.
Ask For Free Air: When making a major gear purchase, as one of your negotiating tools try to see if you can get, say, 10 free air fills thrown in as part of the deal. An air card can cost upwards of $50 these days, yet filling a tank really presents no out-of-pocket costs for an established dive store. Consequently, it can be an easy way for them to sweeten the deal, and it will save you some money on future dives.
Don’t Forget Dealer Prep: The better dive stores will adjust and bench test a new reg before it goes out the door, as well as help you set up a new BC, rig your new console, and offer tips on programming your new dive computer—but sometimes you’ve got to ask for it. This is less a way to save money as it is to get the most out of your money. But remember, dive store operators are human, and they're busy. If you don’t ask, they may not offer.
Don’t Assume that Price Equals Performance: ScubaLab equipment tests have demonstrated over and over again that paying the highest price doesn’t always mean you’re getting the best performer. There are lots of economy and mid-range models that stand up quite well against the high-priced competition. Within a particular brand, for example, we often find that the mid-priced models deliver the identical performance as their more expensive cousins, they just lack some of the features. If you don’t want or need these extra features, why pay for them? This is also where it helps to look for “Best Buy” ratings. In ScubaLab tests, a Best Buy indicates the model that delivered the best performance relative to its price.
Prefer Fit to Features: With many scuba products, especially masks, wetsuits and BCs, a good fit is vastly more important than making sure you get a bunch of bells and whistles. Good-fitting gear not only makes the time you spend under water a lot more enjoyable, but while features usually cost extra, fit is always free.
Shop Elsewhere For the Generic Items: Dry boxes, general purpose bags, first aid kits, tools—anything you need that’s not unique to scuba diving may be found for a lot cheaper at the big box stores.
Invest in Extra O-Rings: The cost of a box of multi-sized O-rings to seal camera housings, dive lights and dive computer battery compartments is infinitesimal compared to the value of this expensive dive equipment. By investing in O-rings up front, you’ll have lots and lots of spares, and you’ll change them more often.
Take Care of Your Gear and it Will Take Care of You: Washing and soaking your dive gear in fresh water, and allowing it to dry thoroughly out of the sun after every dive will make it last longer. With regular inspections you can detect and fix small tears and loose fasteners before they turn into costly problems.Wetsuits should be hung on fat hangers or folded neatly, drysuits should be folded and bagged. Both should be protected from light and o-zone. Finally, many regs come with a virtual lifetime warranty—provided they are serviced regularly. That will not only save money over the long term, but regular services enable your reg to benefit from upgrades required by manufacturer recalls (which you might not even be aware of) which will keep it in top operating form while you enjoy the underwater world.
Saturday, June 4, 2011
Gulf of Mannar Tourism Information
Mannar Tourism Information Very soon available.
More Information to: armhaleem@gmail.com
More Information to: armhaleem@gmail.com
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
Double blow to fast disappearing Dugongs
December 22, 2010 by A.R.M.Haleem
The Navy seized two carcasses of rare Dugongs (large marine mammal) in Mannar and arrested the fishermen who had them in their possession last week.
The suspects were handed over to the police while the National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency (NARA) was called in for technical assistance and expertise. It was suspected that the Dugongs were killed as a result of a dynamite blast usually used to catch fish. The carcasses were brought to Colombo for a post mortem.
The Dugong known as the Muhudu Ura in Sinhala is one of the marine mammals that live in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka. Also called a Sea Cow, Dugong feeds on sea grass and other water plants that grow at the bottom of the sea. Their numbers have declined globally and in our waters and the Gulf of Mannar is believed to be one of the rare spots where this elusive species is found today.
According to internet sources more than 100 Dugongs were killed in the 1950s annually for commercial purposes until the species gained legal protection under the Fauna and Flora Protection Amendments in 1970. The Dugong has a slow rate of reproduction, so fishing has an adverse effect on its population growth. Even though the Dugong is categorized as a ‘Vulnerable’ species by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the local situation is dismal.
Once abundant, the Dugong has become a rare sight now in Sri Lanka. Although it is illegal to catch them, they get trapped in fishing nets and fall victim to fishing methods like dynamiting.
NARA chairman Dr. Hiran Jayawardene who is also a Marine Mammals expert said they were hoping to conduct more research and take urgent measures to protect the fast disappearing Dugongs in Sri Lanka.
December 22, 2010 by A.R.M.Haleem
The Navy seized two carcasses of rare Dugongs (large marine mammal) in Mannar and arrested the fishermen who had them in their possession last week.
The suspects were handed over to the police while the National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency (NARA) was called in for technical assistance and expertise. It was suspected that the Dugongs were killed as a result of a dynamite blast usually used to catch fish. The carcasses were brought to Colombo for a post mortem.
The Dugong known as the Muhudu Ura in Sinhala is one of the marine mammals that live in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka. Also called a Sea Cow, Dugong feeds on sea grass and other water plants that grow at the bottom of the sea. Their numbers have declined globally and in our waters and the Gulf of Mannar is believed to be one of the rare spots where this elusive species is found today.
According to internet sources more than 100 Dugongs were killed in the 1950s annually for commercial purposes until the species gained legal protection under the Fauna and Flora Protection Amendments in 1970. The Dugong has a slow rate of reproduction, so fishing has an adverse effect on its population growth. Even though the Dugong is categorized as a ‘Vulnerable’ species by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the local situation is dismal.
Once abundant, the Dugong has become a rare sight now in Sri Lanka. Although it is illegal to catch them, they get trapped in fishing nets and fall victim to fishing methods like dynamiting.
NARA chairman Dr. Hiran Jayawardene who is also a Marine Mammals expert said they were hoping to conduct more research and take urgent measures to protect the fast disappearing Dugongs in Sri Lanka.
Thursday, January 6, 2011
Mangrove Tree Planting Project
Project implementation Agency: Coast Conservation Department, District Secretariat, Mannar.
Project Period: 3 Years 10 Months
Funding Agency: United Nations Development Programme, Mannar.
Executive summary:
The prolonged conflicted situation in North hampered development activities and environment improvement activities were not given priorities in that context. Likewise the Mannar causeway and the bridge was also neglected for the reconstruction process in last 3 decades and the passengers were using the old narrow bridge which was constructed during the Dutch period. It was damaged during conflict situation and later was set-up temporarily which could be used cross only the 10 MT weight vehicles. Similarly the 3km causeway was also damaged without proper maintenances. During the conflicted situation the mangroves were cut down for security purpose beside the causeway and the bridge. Earlier the mangroves by the side of the causeway were creating good biodiversity environment for the fishing as well as for the birds especially the migrant birds.
At present the Causeway was reconstructed widely and the new Bridge also constructed to connect the Mannar Island with the Mainland.
Under this project mangrove belts by the side of the cause way will be established to enable an environment for fish breeding ground for variety of species of fish, beautify the causeway to increase aesthetic value and act as a disaster mitigation measure to avoid the coastal erosion and wind break. The project will be implemented through the Costal Conservation Unit, Kachcheri –Mannar under the supervision of GA and DS of Mannar town. This project will also build the capacity of the Costal Conservation Unit of Mannar which was recently established.
1. Background of the Project:
Mannar district located in the North-Western part of the Sri Lanka covers 2,002 sq km including the island of Mannar, approximately 3% of the total land area of Sri Lanka. Mannar district has a marine coast line with a stretch of 163 km, from Theavanpiddi in the North to Mullikkulam in south. According to the Mannar district fisheries extension officers, the pre-war fisher folk population in Mannar consisted of 16,159 persons from 4,402 fishing families and 32 fishing villages, approximately 16% of the population of the district. Mannar district, including the Mannar Island, is surrounded by rich fishing areas. Most productive fishing ground lie in the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. The Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar coastal waters over continental shelf contain a variety of species of fin fish, shell fish and holothurians. Encircling the Mannar Island is a shallow continental shelf with rich fishing banks, pearl bank and prawn banks as well as extensive area of 3,828 ha with brackish water and mangroves.
The Thalladi-Mannar bridge road (Figure: 1) is the dyke that connects the Thallaimannar Island with the main land, North Western Sri Lanka. The dyke is approximately 4km long and runs across a brackish-water body where some species of mangroves (Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha) were found as thick forest. Although these natural mangroves have been here for a long, sufficient extend of new growth in to adjacent open coastal areas is not seen. This has been a result of three reasons; first, the hydrology of the area is rather stagnant and does not help for transporting seeds from mangroves to open areas. Second, the available limited number of mangrove trees is not capable of producing enough number of seeds to be distributed in to new areas. Third, the matured trees were cut down for security and for fire wood. As results of these seed limitation and poor hydrology,and destruction the either sides of the Thalladi-mannar bridge road remain uncovered by mangroves whilst the water quality and soil factors are appropriate for mangroves (personal observations). This highlights the need for any human-mediated mangrove planting activity along the dyke that artificially introduces mangrove seeds of a suitable species enhancing the recruitments. Presence of frequent shallow brackish-water having salinity of 30-20ppt along the dyke is mostly appropriate for the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. Also, some of the naturally growing Rhizophora mucronata trees in the sites indicate that this species is successful for the site. As shown by kumara et al (2010) for Kalpitiya lagoon, high growth performances can be obtained from a high density (0.4m to 0.6m spacing) Rhizophora mucronata planting work linked with a few year long post-planting care procedures. Creation of a mangrove belt along the full length of the Thalladi-Mannar bridge road will also enhance the aesthetic value of the site helping the growing tourism in the region. The aerial root mass of Rhizophora mucronata that will grow in to shallow water will provide ideal surfaces for algae and other attaching communities that are food for commercially valuable fish. The Rhizophora mucronata stands along the dyke will therefore attract more fish helping the local fisheries indirectly. The trees to be established by this activity will enhance the natural propagations once they become matured and will continue to absorb considerable amount of CO2 from the atmospheres acting against the global warming and also will act as a wind barrier which will help to prevent erosion and safety for the travelers.
1. Problem Analysis:
Due to the deforesting of the mangroves the bird population which were residing in the forest were displaced and taken refuge in the town area making the town a noisy and smelly area causing difficulties for the people and create conflict mentality in people not to care for the nature. The natural barrier for the coast was removed and it exposes the causeway to wind and sea erosion. The causeway was constructed after a very longtime and there is a need to keep and maintain it in full-scale for the future generation.
Mostly the drainage channels in the town area open up at the lagoon closer to the Bridge and discharge effluents which pollute the lagoon as well as the shore. Mangroves act as a natural purifier of these pollutants. The Mannar lagoon has a rich diversity of fish species due to the shallow spread of sea water over extensive extent which produces oxygen, algae and worms which are good food for the fish. The lagoon fishing was the livelihood of the poor fishermen when the mangroves were present in the Mannar lagoon in both sides of the causeway but now and the poor fishermen have lost their livelihood and working for the rich fishermen. This project will support to the poor fishermen to restart their lagoon fishing by the mangroves creation.
Due the increased development activities more number of vehicles and people are being flooding to Mannar and higher CO2 emissions are observed in the Mannar town area. Mannar island forest is being destroyed for development activities and for fire wood. Reforestation in the island will not be an easy task due to the water shortage
The Mangroves remove CO2 through photosynthesis from atmosphere and prevent methane production from the boggy soil, thereby reducing the problems of green house gases and temperature rise. The mangroves fix CO2 per unit area, greater than the phytoplankton do in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001)
Also Mangroves exhibit higher tolerance to sunlight and UV-B than other halophytes (kathiresan and Moorthy, 1993). In fact, seedlings of Rhizophora exposed to low UV-B radiation (equivalent to 10% of ozone depletion) show an increase of 45% in net photosynthetic rates. However under high UV-B (40%), a 59% drop of the photosynthesis occurs (Moorthy and Kathiresan, 1997 a,b). Thus the mangroves mitigate the vulnerable effect of UV at lower intensity.
1. Project Justification:
a. Environment:
After the conflicted situation ended the fishing activities and development activities have been accelerated. The Mannar gulf has much potential for fishing as there are high number of fish species and fish breeding grounds available. The increased fishing activities will effort much pressure on the fish stock and it is necessary to create more fish breeding areas to sustain the depleting fish population. The project will support the lagoon fishermen by accelerating the fish production through establishing a mangrove zone which increases fingerlings production especially for prawns. The displaced birds and migratory birds will be provided with shelter and breeding space that will enhance the bio diversity of the region which will in turn increases the tourist income to the island. The displaced cranes will move back to the mangrove forest. The entrance of the Mannar town will be given a new look that ensures clean and beauty by this project.
Monday, January 3, 2011
Friday, December 31, 2010
Socio economic considerations relating to sustainable utilization of
Gulf of Mannar Resources
General
IUCN conducted a rapid socio-economic and terrestrial biodiversity assessment in Coastal DS Divisions of Mannar with financial assistance from Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME) of Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). This provides a summary of findings of the study.
The rapid assessment revealed that the coastal DS Divisions of Mannar District has a rich biological diversity, unique archeological and cultural resources which many are not aware of. Detailed findings are provided in the draft report to be finalized after review by the District Authorities under the leadership of Government Agent for Mannar.
With the end of the civil conflict, the displaced people are returning and investors are trying to acquire land for development activities. There is a high demand for land for various development activities. These alternative uses may put pressure on rich biological, archeological and cultural resources in Mannar – especially when they are not well known and properly documented. On the other hand, local people dependant on natural resources tend to over exploit some of the natural resources impacting their long term sustainability. Therefore, awareness raising programmes on richness of biological diversity in Mannar and the need for their sustainable use is essential. Awareness raising programmes are scheduled by the project targeting natural resource users and school children in coastal areas of Mannar district.
It is also planned to produce an information booklet for Mannar District based on the findings of this study and the findings of the previous study on rapid biodiversity assessment (by University of Ruhuna with IUCN funding). This information booklet will include GIS maps prepared by the study team, which would assist planners in allocating land for alternate users and capitalizing on the available resources for planned nature based tourism development.
Following is a brief account of findings under different categories.
(i) Fisheries
Fishermen engaged with many destructive fishing practices impact long term sustainable utilization of the resources in the Gulf of Mannar. These include the following;
1. Use of explosives (dynamite) for fishing Although this is banned, discussions with fishermen and officials revealed that dynamite is still being used by some fishermen, particularly in Pallimunai to Thavulpadu area. This is a highly destructive fishing practice that needs to be arrested through strict enforcement. Joint action of the Fisheries Department and Navy should be further strengthened with necessary finances on curbing the use of explosive for fishing.
2. Use of monofilament (tangus) nets It was observed that in almost all the landing sites monofilament nets is a common feature. With the notification of enforcement of ban by the Ministry of Fisheries during (from 3 October 2010) the study period, people were hesitant to use the net. However for many fishermen that was the only available fishing gear.
3. Use of brush piles for catching cuttlefish In many areas including Pallimunai and Vankalai in Mannar FID, fishermen use mangrove branches (as brush piles) to catch cuttlefish. They catch cuttlefish which approach these branches to place their eggs using artificial baits with multiple hooks. The team observed a case of bringing a brush pile after fishing which contained cuttlefish eggs. Destruction of mangroves is another concern in this fishing practice.
4. Use of Surukku nets – encircling net This also a common practice where the gear is capable of catching a whole school of fish including juveniles.
5. Use of SCUBA diving for collection of sea cucumber and conch No permits are given in Mannar to use of SCUBA gear; however it was revealed that businessmen from Kalpitiya have employed fishermen to catch sea cucumber and conch in Silvatturai. The danger is that these SCUBA divers can remain in water for a longer time and collect these highly immobile animals in large numbers threatening their survival.
6. Bottom Trawling is a highly destructive fishing practice as it disturbs the sea bottom. There are about 85 trawlers in Pesalai operating two days a week. Those who have invested on these vessels like to operate their vessels throughout, but the authorities have ordered them to stop trawling from 3rd October, 2010.
7. Poaching by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan waters Indian fishermen use bigger Trawlers in large numbers on Sri Lankan waters violating territorial user rights and leading to ecological and socio-economic issues in the Sri Lankan part of the Gulf of Mannar. Sri Lankan fishermen also get arrested by Indian Authorities for violating their territorial boundary. However, the numbers are declining according to discussions that the team had with fisheries officials in Mannar.
8. Pollution of coastal areas due to discarding of by-catch and fish refuse in and around the landing sites is a common feature.
9. Poor handling of fish, resulting in quality deterioration of the catch and wastage is also a concern.
10. The current ice production is insufficient, many buyers bring their own ice.
11. Entire Mannar coast does not have a proper fishing harbour. All fiberglass boats and other smaller boats land on the beach while trawlers and multiday boats anchor in the sea.
12. Preparation of fish for drying and the drying method can be improved to produce a better quality dried fish.
Gulf of Mannar Resources
General
IUCN conducted a rapid socio-economic and terrestrial biodiversity assessment in Coastal DS Divisions of Mannar with financial assistance from Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME) of Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). This provides a summary of findings of the study.
The rapid assessment revealed that the coastal DS Divisions of Mannar District has a rich biological diversity, unique archeological and cultural resources which many are not aware of. Detailed findings are provided in the draft report to be finalized after review by the District Authorities under the leadership of Government Agent for Mannar.
With the end of the civil conflict, the displaced people are returning and investors are trying to acquire land for development activities. There is a high demand for land for various development activities. These alternative uses may put pressure on rich biological, archeological and cultural resources in Mannar – especially when they are not well known and properly documented. On the other hand, local people dependant on natural resources tend to over exploit some of the natural resources impacting their long term sustainability. Therefore, awareness raising programmes on richness of biological diversity in Mannar and the need for their sustainable use is essential. Awareness raising programmes are scheduled by the project targeting natural resource users and school children in coastal areas of Mannar district.
It is also planned to produce an information booklet for Mannar District based on the findings of this study and the findings of the previous study on rapid biodiversity assessment (by University of Ruhuna with IUCN funding). This information booklet will include GIS maps prepared by the study team, which would assist planners in allocating land for alternate users and capitalizing on the available resources for planned nature based tourism development.
Following is a brief account of findings under different categories.
(i) Fisheries
Fishermen engaged with many destructive fishing practices impact long term sustainable utilization of the resources in the Gulf of Mannar. These include the following;
1. Use of explosives (dynamite) for fishing Although this is banned, discussions with fishermen and officials revealed that dynamite is still being used by some fishermen, particularly in Pallimunai to Thavulpadu area. This is a highly destructive fishing practice that needs to be arrested through strict enforcement. Joint action of the Fisheries Department and Navy should be further strengthened with necessary finances on curbing the use of explosive for fishing.
2. Use of monofilament (tangus) nets It was observed that in almost all the landing sites monofilament nets is a common feature. With the notification of enforcement of ban by the Ministry of Fisheries during (from 3 October 2010) the study period, people were hesitant to use the net. However for many fishermen that was the only available fishing gear.
3. Use of brush piles for catching cuttlefish In many areas including Pallimunai and Vankalai in Mannar FID, fishermen use mangrove branches (as brush piles) to catch cuttlefish. They catch cuttlefish which approach these branches to place their eggs using artificial baits with multiple hooks. The team observed a case of bringing a brush pile after fishing which contained cuttlefish eggs. Destruction of mangroves is another concern in this fishing practice.
4. Use of Surukku nets – encircling net This also a common practice where the gear is capable of catching a whole school of fish including juveniles.
5. Use of SCUBA diving for collection of sea cucumber and conch No permits are given in Mannar to use of SCUBA gear; however it was revealed that businessmen from Kalpitiya have employed fishermen to catch sea cucumber and conch in Silvatturai. The danger is that these SCUBA divers can remain in water for a longer time and collect these highly immobile animals in large numbers threatening their survival.
6. Bottom Trawling is a highly destructive fishing practice as it disturbs the sea bottom. There are about 85 trawlers in Pesalai operating two days a week. Those who have invested on these vessels like to operate their vessels throughout, but the authorities have ordered them to stop trawling from 3rd October, 2010.
7. Poaching by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan waters Indian fishermen use bigger Trawlers in large numbers on Sri Lankan waters violating territorial user rights and leading to ecological and socio-economic issues in the Sri Lankan part of the Gulf of Mannar. Sri Lankan fishermen also get arrested by Indian Authorities for violating their territorial boundary. However, the numbers are declining according to discussions that the team had with fisheries officials in Mannar.
8. Pollution of coastal areas due to discarding of by-catch and fish refuse in and around the landing sites is a common feature.
9. Poor handling of fish, resulting in quality deterioration of the catch and wastage is also a concern.
10. The current ice production is insufficient, many buyers bring their own ice.
11. Entire Mannar coast does not have a proper fishing harbour. All fiberglass boats and other smaller boats land on the beach while trawlers and multiday boats anchor in the sea.
12. Preparation of fish for drying and the drying method can be improved to produce a better quality dried fish.
Where is the Gulf of Mannar?
The Gulf of Mannar lies between the south-eastern tip of India and the north-western coast of Sri Lanka.
Between India and Sri Lanka lies a chain of limestone islands covered with sand, as well as sand islands, stretching from India’s Pamban Island (also known as Rameshawaram island) to Sri Lanka’s Mannar island. This chain of islands is called Adam’s Bridge in English, Ātham Pālam in Tamil and Rama Sethu in Malayalam. The name Adam’s Bridge was given by a British mapmaker, and referred to legend that said that Adam (the first man in Christianity and Islam) crossed from India to Sri Lanka along this bridge to reach Adam’s Peak in the central part of Sri Lanka. The Indian name Rama Sethu refers to the Indian legend Ramayanaya: the bridge is supposed to have been built for the Indian Prince Rama to cross from India to Sri Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from Ravana, the king of Sri Lanka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar). Sethu means bridge.
Evidence from the past shows that Adam’s Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka but now there is sea between the limestone and sand islands. The sea level in the past was much lower, therefore, there was a connection. Wave currents move the sand so that some sand islands disappear during certain parts of the year. According to historical records, people walked across Adam’s Bridge up until the 15th century, until a bad storm broke up the chain. However, even now much of Adam’s Bridge can be waded across.
Adam’s Bridge is 30 km long. The sea in this area is very shallow (1.5 to 3.5 m only), with sand shifting and resettling with wave currents.
Adam’s Bridge starts from Pamban island in Tamil Nadu, India (connected to the mainland by a man-made bridge) and ends at Mannar island in Sri Lanka. Mannar island is connected to the mainland by a causeway – which is a road raised over water with a few culverts underneath to allow some water to pass under.
To the northeast of Adam’s Bridge is the Palk Bay which leads to Palk Strait. Although they are narrow, ships can move pass through straits. Palk Strait is named after the British governor James Palk.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).
To the southwest of Adam’s Bridge is the Gulf of Mannar. The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow area of water connected to Lakshadweep Sea, which is part of the Indian Ocean in which the tip of India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives are found.
1.2 The climate in the Gulf of Mannar
The rainfall and the shape of the surface of the land dictate Sri Lanka’s climate.
In the centre of the island are high hills, surrounded by less high hills. Below this is the large area of mostly flat land.
Sri Lanka is a tropical island where the temperature does not vary much. However, rainfall varies greatly. The island receives its rain from two monsoons, the southwest and the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon comes from the direction of the Bay of Bengal, from May to September. The water vapour bearing winds cool as they rise above the central hills, and fall down as rain on the side of the hills that face the wind. During this period, the rest of the island remains more or less without rainfall.
Meanwhile, the northeast monsoon, blowing overland from India, snakes round the central hills to bring rain to the whole island from November to March. This means that the part of the island southwest of the hill is wet through most of the year, while the rest of the country has a dry spell. Because of this combination of both the shape of the surface of the land and rainfall, we are able to tell apart different climatic zones in the island. For the purpose of this module, we will use the Wet Zone, the Dry Zone, the Intermediate Zone and the Arid Zone. The Arid Zone receives only about 650 mm of rain every year, and suffers a long dry period for nearly three quarters of the year.
Much of the coastline near Mannar District lies in the Arid zone and the Dry Zone.
Climatic Zone Average Rainfall Remarks
Wet Zone 2,000 mm – 5, 000 mm The upcountry wet zone generally receives rain throughout the year. The low country wet zone is likely to have about 5 -6 months without rain.
Intermediate Zone 1,100 mm – 2,000 mm • The up country Intermediate Zone receives better rainfall than the rest of the Intermediate Zone.
• Some parts of the Mid Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
• The Low Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
Dry Zone 700 mm – 1,000 mm The Dry Zone receives rain only for about 3-4 months, mainly from the northeast monsoon. The rest of the year is dry.
Arid Zone About 650 mm The Arid Zone receives limited rain only for about three months. The lowest rainfall is in Hambantota. The rainfall in Mannar, Jaffna and parts of Kilinochchi district is also low (in the region of about 700 mm).
The Gulf of Mannar lies between the south-eastern tip of India and the north-western coast of Sri Lanka.
Between India and Sri Lanka lies a chain of limestone islands covered with sand, as well as sand islands, stretching from India’s Pamban Island (also known as Rameshawaram island) to Sri Lanka’s Mannar island. This chain of islands is called Adam’s Bridge in English, Ātham Pālam in Tamil and Rama Sethu in Malayalam. The name Adam’s Bridge was given by a British mapmaker, and referred to legend that said that Adam (the first man in Christianity and Islam) crossed from India to Sri Lanka along this bridge to reach Adam’s Peak in the central part of Sri Lanka. The Indian name Rama Sethu refers to the Indian legend Ramayanaya: the bridge is supposed to have been built for the Indian Prince Rama to cross from India to Sri Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from Ravana, the king of Sri Lanka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar). Sethu means bridge.
Evidence from the past shows that Adam’s Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka but now there is sea between the limestone and sand islands. The sea level in the past was much lower, therefore, there was a connection. Wave currents move the sand so that some sand islands disappear during certain parts of the year. According to historical records, people walked across Adam’s Bridge up until the 15th century, until a bad storm broke up the chain. However, even now much of Adam’s Bridge can be waded across.
Adam’s Bridge is 30 km long. The sea in this area is very shallow (1.5 to 3.5 m only), with sand shifting and resettling with wave currents.
Adam’s Bridge starts from Pamban island in Tamil Nadu, India (connected to the mainland by a man-made bridge) and ends at Mannar island in Sri Lanka. Mannar island is connected to the mainland by a causeway – which is a road raised over water with a few culverts underneath to allow some water to pass under.
To the northeast of Adam’s Bridge is the Palk Bay which leads to Palk Strait. Although they are narrow, ships can move pass through straits. Palk Strait is named after the British governor James Palk.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).
To the southwest of Adam’s Bridge is the Gulf of Mannar. The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow area of water connected to Lakshadweep Sea, which is part of the Indian Ocean in which the tip of India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives are found.
1.2 The climate in the Gulf of Mannar
The rainfall and the shape of the surface of the land dictate Sri Lanka’s climate.
In the centre of the island are high hills, surrounded by less high hills. Below this is the large area of mostly flat land.
Sri Lanka is a tropical island where the temperature does not vary much. However, rainfall varies greatly. The island receives its rain from two monsoons, the southwest and the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon comes from the direction of the Bay of Bengal, from May to September. The water vapour bearing winds cool as they rise above the central hills, and fall down as rain on the side of the hills that face the wind. During this period, the rest of the island remains more or less without rainfall.
Meanwhile, the northeast monsoon, blowing overland from India, snakes round the central hills to bring rain to the whole island from November to March. This means that the part of the island southwest of the hill is wet through most of the year, while the rest of the country has a dry spell. Because of this combination of both the shape of the surface of the land and rainfall, we are able to tell apart different climatic zones in the island. For the purpose of this module, we will use the Wet Zone, the Dry Zone, the Intermediate Zone and the Arid Zone. The Arid Zone receives only about 650 mm of rain every year, and suffers a long dry period for nearly three quarters of the year.
Much of the coastline near Mannar District lies in the Arid zone and the Dry Zone.
Climatic Zone Average Rainfall Remarks
Wet Zone 2,000 mm – 5, 000 mm The upcountry wet zone generally receives rain throughout the year. The low country wet zone is likely to have about 5 -6 months without rain.
Intermediate Zone 1,100 mm – 2,000 mm • The up country Intermediate Zone receives better rainfall than the rest of the Intermediate Zone.
• Some parts of the Mid Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
• The Low Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
Dry Zone 700 mm – 1,000 mm The Dry Zone receives rain only for about 3-4 months, mainly from the northeast monsoon. The rest of the year is dry.
Arid Zone About 650 mm The Arid Zone receives limited rain only for about three months. The lowest rainfall is in Hambantota. The rainfall in Mannar, Jaffna and parts of Kilinochchi district is also low (in the region of about 700 mm).
Gulf of Mannar
Where is the Gulf of Mannar?
Source :IUCN Sri Lanka
The Gulf of Mannar lies between the south-eastern tip of India and the north-western coast of Sri Lanka.
Between India and Sri Lanka lies a chain of limestone islands covered with sand, as well as sand islands, stretching from India’s Pamban Island (also known as Rameshawaram island) to Sri Lanka’s Mannar island. This chain of islands is called Adam’s Bridge in English, Ātham Pālam in Tamil and Rama Sethu in Malayalam. The name Adam’s Bridge was given by a British mapmaker, and referred to legend that said that Adam (the first man in Christianity and Islam) crossed from India to Sri Lanka along this bridge to reach Adam’s Peak in the central part of Sri Lanka. The Indian name Rama Sethu refers to the Indian legend Ramayanaya: the bridge is supposed to have been built for the Indian Prince Rama to cross from India to Sri Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from Ravana, the king of Sri Lanka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar). Sethu means bridge.
Evidence from the past shows that Adam’s Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka but now there is sea between the limestone and sand islands. The sea level in the past was much lower, therefore, there was a connection. Wave currents move the sand so that some sand islands disappear during certain parts of the year. According to historical records, people walked across Adam’s Bridge up until the 15th century, until a bad storm broke up the chain. However, even now much of Adam’s Bridge can be waded across.
Adam’s Bridge is 30 km long. The sea in this area is very shallow (1.5 to 3.5 m only), with sand shifting and resettling with wave currents.
Adam’s Bridge starts from Pamban island in Tamil Nadu, India (connected to the mainland by a man-made bridge) and ends at Mannar island in Sri Lanka. Mannar island is connected to the mainland by a causeway – which is a road raised over water with a few culverts underneath to allow some water to pass under.
To the northeast of Adam’s Bridge is the Palk Bay which leads to Palk Strait. Although they are narrow, ships can move pass through straits. Palk Strait is named after the British governor James Palk.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).
To the southwest of Adam’s Bridge is the Gulf of Mannar. The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow area of water connected to Lakshadweep Sea, which is part of the Indian Ocean in which the tip of India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives are found.
1.2 The climate in the Gulf of Mannar
The rainfall and the shape of the surface of the land dictate Sri Lanka’s climate.
In the centre of the island are high hills, surrounded by less high hills. Below this is the large area of mostly flat land.
Sri Lanka is a tropical island where the temperature does not vary much. However, rainfall varies greatly. The island receives its rain from two monsoons, the southwest and the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon comes from the direction of the Bay of Bengal, from May to September. The water vapour bearing winds cool as they rise above the central hills, and fall down as rain on the side of the hills that face the wind. During this period, the rest of the island remains more or less without rainfall.
Meanwhile, the northeast monsoon, blowing overland from India, snakes round the central hills to bring rain to the whole island from November to March. This means that the part of the island southwest of the hill is wet through most of the year, while the rest of the country has a dry spell. Because of this combination of both the shape of the surface of the land and rainfall, we are able to tell apart different climatic zones in the island. For the purpose of this module, we will use the Wet Zone, the Dry Zone, the Intermediate Zone and the Arid Zone. The Arid Zone receives only about 650 mm of rain every year, and suffers a long dry period for nearly three quarters of the year.
Much of the coastline near Mannar District lies in the Arid zone and the Dry Zone.
Climatic Zone Average Rainfall Remarks
Wet Zone 2,000 mm – 5, 000 mm The upcountry wet zone generally receives rain throughout the year. The low country wet zone is likely to have about 5 -6 months without rain.
Intermediate Zone 1,100 mm – 2,000 mm • The up country Intermediate Zone receives better rainfall than the rest of the Intermediate Zone.
• Some parts of the Mid Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
• The Low Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
Dry Zone 700 mm – 1,000 mm The Dry Zone receives rain only for about 3-4 months, mainly from the northeast monsoon. The rest of the year is dry.
Arid Zone About 650 mm The Arid Zone receives limited rain only for about three months. The lowest rainfall is in Hambantota. The rainfall in Mannar, Jaffna and parts of Kilinochchi district is also low (in the region of about 700 mm).
Source :IUCN Sri Lanka
The Gulf of Mannar lies between the south-eastern tip of India and the north-western coast of Sri Lanka.
Between India and Sri Lanka lies a chain of limestone islands covered with sand, as well as sand islands, stretching from India’s Pamban Island (also known as Rameshawaram island) to Sri Lanka’s Mannar island. This chain of islands is called Adam’s Bridge in English, Ātham Pālam in Tamil and Rama Sethu in Malayalam. The name Adam’s Bridge was given by a British mapmaker, and referred to legend that said that Adam (the first man in Christianity and Islam) crossed from India to Sri Lanka along this bridge to reach Adam’s Peak in the central part of Sri Lanka. The Indian name Rama Sethu refers to the Indian legend Ramayanaya: the bridge is supposed to have been built for the Indian Prince Rama to cross from India to Sri Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from Ravana, the king of Sri Lanka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar). Sethu means bridge.
Evidence from the past shows that Adam’s Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka but now there is sea between the limestone and sand islands. The sea level in the past was much lower, therefore, there was a connection. Wave currents move the sand so that some sand islands disappear during certain parts of the year. According to historical records, people walked across Adam’s Bridge up until the 15th century, until a bad storm broke up the chain. However, even now much of Adam’s Bridge can be waded across.
Adam’s Bridge is 30 km long. The sea in this area is very shallow (1.5 to 3.5 m only), with sand shifting and resettling with wave currents.
Adam’s Bridge starts from Pamban island in Tamil Nadu, India (connected to the mainland by a man-made bridge) and ends at Mannar island in Sri Lanka. Mannar island is connected to the mainland by a causeway – which is a road raised over water with a few culverts underneath to allow some water to pass under.
To the northeast of Adam’s Bridge is the Palk Bay which leads to Palk Strait. Although they are narrow, ships can move pass through straits. Palk Strait is named after the British governor James Palk.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).
To the southwest of Adam’s Bridge is the Gulf of Mannar. The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow area of water connected to Lakshadweep Sea, which is part of the Indian Ocean in which the tip of India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives are found.
1.2 The climate in the Gulf of Mannar
The rainfall and the shape of the surface of the land dictate Sri Lanka’s climate.
In the centre of the island are high hills, surrounded by less high hills. Below this is the large area of mostly flat land.
Sri Lanka is a tropical island where the temperature does not vary much. However, rainfall varies greatly. The island receives its rain from two monsoons, the southwest and the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon comes from the direction of the Bay of Bengal, from May to September. The water vapour bearing winds cool as they rise above the central hills, and fall down as rain on the side of the hills that face the wind. During this period, the rest of the island remains more or less without rainfall.
Meanwhile, the northeast monsoon, blowing overland from India, snakes round the central hills to bring rain to the whole island from November to March. This means that the part of the island southwest of the hill is wet through most of the year, while the rest of the country has a dry spell. Because of this combination of both the shape of the surface of the land and rainfall, we are able to tell apart different climatic zones in the island. For the purpose of this module, we will use the Wet Zone, the Dry Zone, the Intermediate Zone and the Arid Zone. The Arid Zone receives only about 650 mm of rain every year, and suffers a long dry period for nearly three quarters of the year.
Much of the coastline near Mannar District lies in the Arid zone and the Dry Zone.
Climatic Zone Average Rainfall Remarks
Wet Zone 2,000 mm – 5, 000 mm The upcountry wet zone generally receives rain throughout the year. The low country wet zone is likely to have about 5 -6 months without rain.
Intermediate Zone 1,100 mm – 2,000 mm • The up country Intermediate Zone receives better rainfall than the rest of the Intermediate Zone.
• Some parts of the Mid Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
• The Low Country Intermediate Zone may have about 6 months without rain.
Dry Zone 700 mm – 1,000 mm The Dry Zone receives rain only for about 3-4 months, mainly from the northeast monsoon. The rest of the year is dry.
Arid Zone About 650 mm The Arid Zone receives limited rain only for about three months. The lowest rainfall is in Hambantota. The rainfall in Mannar, Jaffna and parts of Kilinochchi district is also low (in the region of about 700 mm).
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